What does integrity constraints in a database specifically prevent?

Integrity constraints in a database are rules that ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data stored. Specifically, they prevent the entry of out-of-range or invalid data by enforcing certain conditions on the data being input into the database. For instance, a database may have constraints that require a value to fall within a specific range, adhere to a predefined format, or match certain criteria such as unique keys or foreign key references. This helps maintain the overall integrity of the database, ensuring that the data is valid and adheres to the specified rules.

The other options address different aspects of database security and management. While unauthorized access refers to security measures like user permissions and roles, data exposure during migrations pertains to the security of data during transfers, and inconsistent application of data policies relates to governance and compliance practices within the organization. Each of these highlights important considerations for data management, but they do not specifically pertain to the prevention of erroneous or invalid data entry, which is the primary function of integrity constraints.