What would be considered an adequate set of compensating controls for changes made to a database after normal hours?

Using the DBA user account to make changes, logging those changes, and then reviewing the change log the following day is considered an adequate set of compensating controls for changes made to a database after normal hours. This approach provides several layers of security and accountability.

First, utilizing the DBA user account ensures that any changes made are executed with the proper authority and expertise. Since the database administrator is trained and knowledgeable about the database's structure and operational requirements, this reduces the risk of improperly configured settings or unintended disruptions.

Second, logging the changes creates an audit trail. This is crucial for accountability and traceability, allowing for a review of all modifications made during after-hours operations. Should any issues arise, the log helps in quickly identifying what was changed, thereby facilitating troubleshooting and ensuring compliance with governance requirements.

Finally, the review of the change log the following day adds an additional layer of oversight. This ensures that unauthorized or erroneous changes can be identified and addressed promptly, enhancing the overall integrity and security of the database environment.

In contrast, allowing changes with a normal user account without the same level of scrutiny or authority fails to provide the necessary oversight and could lead to inadvertent issues or unapproved alterations. Similarly, relying solely on a log review without first ensuring proper controls